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People visit Qianmen Street during the Lantern Festival on a snowy night in Beijing February 28, 2010. The festival marks the last day of the Chinese Lunar New Year.
Qianmen Shang Yuan Lantern Party, Beijing
Highlight: Lion dancing performances
Time: February 23 to 28
Location: Qianmen Street, Beijing
Organizers plan to restore and expand the original Shang Yuan Lantern Party which used to be held in Beijing's central Qianmen area in the Ming (1368 – 1644) and Qing (1644 – 1911) Dynasties. Featuring an exhibition of elegant handmade lanterns by craftsmen from across the nation, the party will provide a festive gathering where visitors can appreciate the art of traditional lanterns with modern technology while enjoying riddles and fun games. Beijing craftsmen set up booths to entertain the festive crowds who poured onto the street to get an authentic taste of Beijing culture.
Qianmen has long been the place for lantern fairs. It's very location on the central axis of Beijing makes it a favorable option for tourists from far and wide. Many people pose by the flower altars and lantern stands to take pictures and record the moment of joy. Wang Shiren, member of Beijing Cultural Relics Protection Committee, said, "Lantern fairs date back to the Han Dynasty. That's some two thousand years ago. The tradition reached its climax in the Tang Dynasty, when the fairs were also held along the central axis of its capital city." And to the cheerful chorus of children, the lanterns are lighted up and down the street, bringing a joyful and festive atmosphere.
The Lantern Festival is celebrated everywhere on January 15th of the lunar calendar, right after the Spring Festival.
Traditionally, the Lantern Festival is a part of the Spring Festival.
This day is always the first full moon in the lunar New Year.
Across China, people celebrate by hanging up lanterns and festoons, attending dancing and singing performances, making “Yuan Xiao” or sweet rice dumplings and lighting fireworks.
This is also a continuation of the Spring Festival celebration.
On the Lantern Festival night, the moon illuminates the dark sky while many lanterns shine bright colors on the earth.
The traditions of viewing decorative lanterns on this night began more than two thousand years ago in the Western Han Dynasty.
In the earlier times, those beautiful lanterns were only seen in the imperial palaces.
Slowly it evolved into a celebration on the grand scale for ordinary folks everywhere.
A few days before the lantern festival, people begin gathering oiled paper, silk cloths, bamboo sticks and flower to make all types of lanterns.
Some people go to the lively streets to pick a personal favorite.
The lanterns sometimes come in a series about certain folklore, holiday customs, or lucky mascots.
The Lantern Festival is also a romantic holiday.
In feudal society, young girls were not allowed to go out freely.
But on the night of the Lantern Festival, they were allowed to view the lantern lights in groups.
Sometimes couples would go on dates strolling down the streets lit with lantern lights.
Today people still invite others to view lanterns together.
Across China, the Lantern Festival is celebrated in many different styles.
In places near water, people put Lotus Lanterns in the river to let them flow down stream, carrying the loss they feel for the relatives that have passed away.
In the North, as traditional customs combined with modern science and technology, there evolved the Ice Lantern Festival.
The combination of the ice and snow with colored lights, carvings, designs, and special scenery yield a spectacular winter paradise.
The Lantern Riddle is a special word-game played by the Chinese people.
The Chinese people not only craft many types of beautiful lanterns for the others to appreciate, but also create many interesting riddles.
The traditional riddles are written on the lanterns.
Today, many people glue a slip of paper with the riddle at the bottom of the lanterns for the viewers to solve.
Those who solve the riddles correctly will receive a prize from the riddle’s creator.
Just like China’s other traditional holidays, the Lantern Festival also has its own special dish —“Yuan Xiao”, or sweet dumpling soup.
Although the sweet dumplings differ in name and recipe from the North and South, they are always made with glutinous rice flour as the outside.
The filling is usually composed of different kinds of fruit kernels and sugar.
The sweet dumplings are always round and white, as it represents the moon on the night of the Lantern Festival.
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Overview and HistoryIn the Stone Age, "Peking Man" lived near Beijing -- as many as 500,000 years ago. The earliest relics in China are stone tools dating to this time period. Between four and five thousand years ago there were agricultural settlements southwest of Beijing. They were the beginning of a city that would go through several name changes over the millenia.The legendary Yellow Emperor Huang Di battled Chiyou "in the wilderness of the Zhou prefecture." Zhoulu is a town to the west of modern Beijing. The Yellow Emperor's successor, Emperor Yao, established a capital city called Youdo. Youdo became a place called Ji, and Ji was taken over by the Marquis of Yan during the period of the Warring States (475 B.C.)Ji remained an important city for ten centuries. From China's first feudal empire through to the end of the Tang Dynasty, Ji was a strategic military center in the campaign to unite all of China.By the end of the Tang Dynasty in 907 A.D., the Qidan army came from the north and occupied Ji. They called it Nanjing, which meant "southern capital." During this time the Liao Dynasty ruled and carried out many reconstruction projects in the city, fortifying it for greater military use.The Nuzhen army conquered the Liao and established the Jin dynasty as of 1115 A.D., moving the city of Ji and renaming it "Zhongdu" which means "Central Capital." This meant more expansion and construction of palaces until the city spanned five kilometers across and contained an estimated one million people.Mongolian raiders invaded Zhongdu in 1215 A.D. and renamed it Dadu. Under Kublai Khan the Yuan Dynasty took Dadu as its capital and unified China!Since Zhongdu had been destroyed by fire in the change from Jin to Yuan dynasties, Kublai Khan took on a reconstruction project that was to expand the city into rectangular shape. It became the political center of the country with three main areas -- imperial palaces, the city walls, and the canal.By the coming of the thirteenth century, Dadu was a world famous city which astounded Marco Polo when he arrived. In his record he writes, "You must know that it is the greatest palace that ever was..."In 1368 Ming soldiers captured Dadu and renamed it Beiping or "Northern Peace." It went through another period of reconstruction which saw walls twelve meters high built around its perimeter, walls ten meters thick which took fifteen years to build. When they were done, Beiping became the official capital of the Ming Dynasty. With the completion of the palaces and gardens in 1420, Emperor Yongle renamed the city Beijing, "Northern Capital."Beijing grew once more and took on a rectangular shape with two distinct sections, the Inner City (Tartar) and the Outer City (Chinese). Its city planners gave it an organized arrangement that still felt relaxed.The Qing Dynasty came along circa 1644 A.D. and the Manchus built extended suburban gardens. These took more than a whole century to make, but when they were finished the open-air pavilions and palaces stood as a masterpiece of Chinese architecture. This was proper to show the power and refinement of traditional China, a fitting design for the capital of the empire.The Qing Dynasty lasted until 1911 but collapsed into chaos at the hands of the Northern Warlords. Beijing suffered a lack of leadership until 1949, when the People's Liberation Army entered the city. From Tian'anmen Square in the center of the city, Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China, with Beijing as its capital.Since then it has continued to expand, surpassing the nine gates of the inner city wall, beyond the seven outer gates, and into the suburbs. Beijing now takes up 750 square kilometers! The city retains its old symmetry with a central axis that runs north-south, and the Imperial Palace Museum at the center. This palace was once called the "Forbidden City" but it is now a museum open to the public.Getting ThereThe Beijing Capital International Airport is located 25km northeast of the city. It is the center of China's civil aviation network and it connects to 69 cities worldwide. The airport is linked to the city by bus, taxi and Beijing Subway Airport Line.The city government operates one bus line and private buses go and come from several hotels. The taxi stand is outside the terminal, as always, so don't ride with the drivers who harass you inside the terminal. A ride to the city center should cost about 70 RMB plus 15 RMB highway toll. You should also know that there's an airport tax of 90 RMB for international travelers. Keep your receipt!TransportationWithin the city you can choose from 67,000 GPS-equipped taxis, the bus or the metro. Half of their buses are running on natural gas now, which is a good move considering the city is adding fifty new bus routes per year. Whoa!The metro has two routes, the Loop Line and Line One. The Loop has sixteen stations and it runs parallel to where the city wall stood in the Ming era. Line One has twenty-one stops going from the suburbs on one side all the way across to the other side. It is safe to assume that there will be more metro lines to follow as Beijing grows.People and CultureOne of the unique sights in Beijing is a park filled with retired people doing their exercises early in the morning. Tai ch'i, QiGong, sword dancing and shadow boxing are forms of exercise and relaxation which have existed for more than two thousand years and are still popular today.Drinking tea in a teahouse and enjoying a folk opera in an old-style theater are both popular activities in Beijing culture. Beijing has more bars and pubs than any other Chinese city (more than 400), and it's also full of antique shops, silk markets and museums.Things to do, RecommendationsBeijing is massive and filled with interesting things to explore. For just a few examples, take a look at these:The National Stadium (bird's nest), the Water Cube, and ruins of the Yuan Dynasty city wall.If you like art, you have to check out the 798 Art District. It's named for Factory #798 and the district contains hundreds of galleries, bookstores and restaurants. Have fun!Text by Steve Smith.
